Cost-neutral Solutions for Green/Sustainable Public Procurement Implementation

This report highlights public procurement as a powerful but underused policy tool for advancing climate action, the circular economy, social inclusion and industrial competitiveness. 

It proposes five practical, cost-neutral models for implementing green and sustainable public procurement (G/SPP), based on open, competitive, and technology-neutral procurement practices. 

The five models are: Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) or Life Cycle Costing; Energy Performance Contracting (EPC); Product-as-a-Service (PaaS); Demand Aggregation and Framework Agreements; and Circular Procurement Models.