This empirical paper focuses on the relationship between changes in GDP and CO2 emissions as a country's economy moves through periods of growth and decline. Using a comprehensive panel, the author documents substantial heterogeneity in the relationship across countries. Specifically, countries can be classified into one of the following groups: Group D (for decline) includes countries where the emissions growth rate is more strongly associated with the GDP growth rate in periods of GDP decline than in periods of GDP growth. Group G (for growth) includes countries where the degree of association is stronger in perods of GDP growth. Finally in Group D (for symmetrical) it is not possible to reject the hypothesis that the relationship is the same for growth and decline. According to a simple count criterion, approximately a third of the countries in the sample fall into each group. Notably China and the US, currently the world's largest emitters by a substantial margin, are in group D. These results have potentially important consequences for long-term emissions projections. They also suggest that macroeconomic stabilisation policies may have adverse emissions consequences by limiting the cleansing effect of periods in which GDP declines.
