In the attempt to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) from steel production, several large industry decarbonisation projects have emerged in Europe. The commercialisation of low-emission steel technology, however, faces systemic barriers such as a lack of infrastructure and unclear demand for greener steel. As part of its new commitment to climate-neutrality, the European Commission (EC) has announced plans to more actively create and reshape markets for green basic materials. The approach is inspired by the recent success story of renewable energy, where market interventionist policy has successfully led to cost reductions and supported the diffusion of wind and photovoltaics. However, the applicability of this type of policy to decarbonise basic materials has so far not been investigated.
This study evaluates the effectiveness, feasibility, efficiency, and fairness of early commercialisation policy support for the decarbonisation transition of the steel industry. It compares two approaches: demand side market creation and direct production subsidies through carbon contracts. It finds that the subsidy approach can more effectively enable the realisation of primary green steel production. A complementary use of market creation policy instruments can reduce the production subsidy volumes needed and aid the global diffusion of new production methods. Although effective, the study finds that production subsidies will distribute the costs and benefits of the transition unequally. In order to improve effectiveness and fairness of the policy, parallel programmes such as electricity price guarantees and transitional assistance policies for disadvantaged regions are needed.
Key policy insights include:
- Carbon contracts for difference are the most promising policy instrument to commercialise low-emission primary steel, but are likely to lead to unequal distribution of transition costs.
- Market creation policies can support the global diffusion of low-emission primary steelmaking.
- Material efficiency and demand reduction can reduce the need for primary steel production by more than 50 percent.
- Regions without access to large amounts of renewable electricity are especially disadvantaged.
- Unclear EU ETS benchmarks currently create a perverse incentive that keeps firms from investing in breakthrough technologies.