Sand and gravel are the unrecognised foundational material of our economies. They are mined the world over, with aggregates accounting for the largest volume of solid material extracted globally. At the same time, these materials cannot be produced from our terrestrial, riverine, and marine environments in quantities needed to meet demand from a world of 10 billion people without effective policy, planning, regulation, and management. Such actions remain largely unaddressed by decision makers in the public or private sectors. It is time to challenge the paradigm of infinite sand resources through constructive dialogue and solution-finding. This report aims to be the starting point from which a productive global conversation on sand extraction can begin.