The research found here provides the latest data on biodiversity-relevant economic instruments, such as taxes, fees and charges, tradable permits and environmentally motivated subsidies, providing incentives to both producers and consumers to behave in a more environmentally sustainable way. These instruments also provide continuous incentives to achieve objectives more cost-effectively, and most can mobilize finance or generate revenue. They are key tools to mainstream biodiversity across sectors.
The OECD tracks biodiversity-relevant economic instruments and the finance they generate through its database on Policy Instruments for the Environment (PINE), with more than 120 countries are currently contributing to this database. These indicators have also been used by the Biodiversity Indicators Partnership to monitor progress towards CBD Aichi Target 3. The data are also used as an indicator to monitor progress towards Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Target 15.a.1 on biodiversity finance.