This paper estimates the impacts of road improvements on local employment structure and specialization in Mexico over the 1985-2016 period. Using geo-referenced panel data, it measures access to domestic markets from each locality as a weighted sum of surrounding populations (market access) or incomes (market potential), with weights inversely related to travel time or travel cost. Instrumenting for road placement endogeneity and addressing the recursion problem in regressions that involve access to markets, the analysis finds significant and positive causal effects of improved accessibility on employment and specialization. Heterogeneous effects are found across sectors and regions.
Officials responsible for a nation’s economy have been primarily concerned with delivering jobs, stimulating growth, and promoting competitiveness. They are also becoming worried about the effects climate change will inflict on their country’s economic future. Increasingly, these officials want to know if there are investments and efforts that can advance urgent development priorities and, at the same time address the challenges of our rapidly warming world.
This report uses new modeling tools to examine the full range of benefits ambitious climate mitigation policies can produce across the transportation, industry and building sectors in the United States, China, the European Union, India, Mexico and Brazil. This report also describes the multiple benefits of four development project simulations scaled up to the national level.
This white paper provides an analysis of the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) for 37 partner countries in the U.S. Government's Enhancing Capacity for Low Emission Development Strategies (EC-LEDS) program and other designated priority countries. The white paper includes an overview of global INDCs, country profiles for countries, regional trends, and sectoral trends. Moreover, each country profile includes information from the INDC on the:
Environment at a Glance 2015 updates key environmental indicators and relevant socio-economic and sectoral indicators to track OECD country progress on major environmental issues and inform policy development and evaluation. This year's edition includes increased coverage of environmentally related taxation, ODA and R&D expenditure.