This policy brief summarizes the first attempt to estimate the cost of this so-called “gender gap” in agricultural productivity in Rwanda. It is based on a technical analysis using farms identified as being managed by females or by males and then identifies the various production factors which contributed most to the gender gap in agricultural productivity. Next, the share of land under women’s control was used to estimate the monetary value of the gender gap, in terms of potential gains in agricultural production, and the impact on total economic output, if the gap were eliminated. Finally, estimates of the elasticity of poverty reduction with respect to economic growth were used to quantify the impact of the closure of the gender gap in agricultural productivity on the number of people remaining in poverty. The policy brief builds on work by the UN Women Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Office, the United Nations Development Programme–United Nations Environment Programme Poverty-Environment Initiative, and the World Bank (UN Women, UNDP-UNEP PEI, and World Bank, 2015).