This report summarises key aspects of the United States’ energy landscape and addresses each stage of the supply chain for fossil fuels, discussing in detail the subsidies and other measures that the United States and the review team have identified in the course of the review process.
This report provides guidance for practitioners on existing tools that can be applied to measure or model ecosystem services provided by important sites for biodiversity and nature conservation, including Key Biodiversity Areas, natural World Heritage sites, and protected areas.
China and the United States announced in December 2013 that they would undertake a reciprocal peer review of their fossil fuel subsidies under the auspices of the G20. This report, after summarising key aspects of China’s energy landscape, addresses each stage of the supply chain for fossil fuels, discussing in detail the subsidies and other measures identified in the course of the review process. It mentions that many of China’s energy policies are in a state of flux, including reforms to move toward more market-based prices and taxes that better reflect the environmental damage that economic activities can cause. Specifically, the report identifies three inefficient subsidies for upstream activities—one excise-tax refund for refined petroleum products used in oil and gas extraction and two urban land-use tax exemptions benefitting the upstream activities of state-owned CNPC and CNOOC.
This report Mexico’s efforts to phase out and rationalise its fossilfuel subsidies provides a succinct account of the discussions that took place between Mexican officials and the review team, but also within the review team itself. After summarising the key aspects of Mexico’s energy landscape, the report discusses the ongoing reforms of transport fuel pricing.
This report Germany’s effort to phase out and rationalise its fossil-fuel subsidies demonstrates that throughout the last two decades, Germany’s energy policy has shifted gears in two major ways.