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‘Ecosystem Services’, defined as “the benefits people obtain from ecosystems” is an evolving concept that connects ecosystem with human wellbeing through provisioned services. Safeguarding ecosystems is one of the Aichi Targets (Target 14) for biodiversity conservation under the Convention on Biological Diversity.

Governments from emerging and developing economies are increasingly requesting pragmatic solutions for effective competition policy implementation, as well as recommendations for pro-competitive sectoral policies. This book puts forward a research agenda that advocates the importance of market competition, effective market regulation, and competition policies for achieving inclusive growth and shared prosperity in emerging and developing economies.

Private standard schemes have become a constitutive element of international commercial transactions, as well as powerful tools to mainstream environmental, social, and economic sustainability requirements in economic operations.

Cities are responsible for up to 70% of global greenhouse gas emissions, therefore climate change needs to be resolved in cities. There is an important window of opportunity to help cities, especially in rapidly urbanising developing countries, to better manage their future growth and development.

This working paper identifies five levers of effective climate action in cities that climate change practitioners should be aware of, and where appropriate, build into their project approach to support more effective climate action in cities. The five levers are:

• Power and leadership
• Communications and engagement
• Capacity building
• Financing implementation
• Demonstration effect

This guide has been developed in response to the interest of developing markets in the potential for capital markets to connect institutional private capital with projects that deliver positive environmental impact. Green bonds are a vehicle for doing this. The guide has been written for those with responsibility and interest in achieving environmental goals and commitments, in particular green growth and infrastructure development. It may be particularly useful for environment, finance and planning ministries and related teams in regions and cities.

The guide draws on learning from CDKN’s project to assess the potential for a successful green bond market in Colombia, and its broader climate finance work in other developing and emerging markets.