Ethiopia’s energy sector faces critical challenges to meeting steadily increasing demand given limited infrastructure, heavy reliance on hydroelectric power, and underdevelopment of alternative energy resources. The main aim of this paper is to investigate optimal least-cost investment decisions for integrated energy source diversification. We seek to contribute to the relevant literature by paying particular attention to the role of public policy for promoting renewable energy investment and to better understand future energy security implication of various uncertainties. Dynamic linear programming model created using General Algebraic Modelling Systems (GAMS) software was used to explore the national energy security implications of uncertainties associated with technological and efficiency innovations, and climate change or drought scenarios. To cope with the impacts of drought on hydroelectric power production Ethiopia would need to invest in the development of alternative energy resources. This would improve sustainability and reliability, but these changes would also increase production costs.
Human demands on Earth’s natural resources have outpaced what can be produced. A shift to more sustainable growth is dependent on changes in current patterns of both production and consumption. While recent policy has largely focused on addressing production and supply, consumption and demand must also be addressed. Today, in less than nine months, we consume more resources than our planet produces in a year, and our rate of consumption continues to grow.
The objective of this publication is to shed light on opportunities to strengthen the effectiveness of policies for sustainable consumption in both developed and developing countries. The publication provides evidence-based insights from behavioural science, detailing five key behavioural barriers to sustainable consumption. It also includes concrete examples of how behavioural science has been successfully coupled with policy to cost-effectively achieve sustainable consumption.
This document is a contribution to the OECD Project on "Behavioural Economics and Environmental Policy Design". It provides succinct, one-page summaries of the intervention studies analyzed to date, with an emphasis throughout on how the results are relevant for environmental policy. It also describes a potential framework for expanding this collection of examples into an online searchable inventory. It has been prepared by Laura Vong (formerly OECD Secretariat and Université de Nantes) and overseen by Zachary Brown (OECD Secretariat).
Existing flows of global climate finance (at least $391 billion per year) are sourced primarily from Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) and project developers themselves. A substantial ‘investment gap’ remains between the existing levels of climate finance, and those required to achieve the requisite level of decarbonisation to maintain a 2°C pathway (over $1 trillion per year). Institutional investors hold the greatest potential for filling the investment gap because they hold about $93 trillion worth of assets and seek long- term, stable returns, which are potentially available for climate finance investments. They currently contribute little to existing climate finance flows (~0.2%). Further research by the GREEN-WIN project seeks to determine how to effectively develop the drivers and alleviate the barriers faced by institutional investors for deploying the finance required to develop the low-carbon, climate-resilient economy.
This report examines the opportunities for American businesses and investors in a clean energy economy. It presents technology choices and outlines near- and medium-term investment opportunities across nine U.S. census regions. It finds that lowering climate risk by building a clean energy economy is technically and economically achievable using commercial or near-commercial technology.