There is an increasing focus on the role that public and private resources can play in supporting activities that reduce forest loss as part of wider efforts to address climate change, and ensure sustainable development.
This report develops a framework that classifies investments according to different types of financing instruments and investment funds, and highlights the risk mitigants and transaction enablers that intermediaries (such as public green investment banks and other public financial institutions) can use to mobilise institutionally held capital. This framework can also be used to identify where investments are or are not flowing, and focus attention on how governments can support the development of potentially promising investment channels and consider policy interventions that can make institutional investment in sustainable energy infrastructure more likely.
This study, undertaken by Eunomia Research & Consulting (Eunomia) in conjunction with Professor Mikael Skou Andersen of Aarhus University and the Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP), has, as its central aim, to: “… provide empirical data or secondary sources on the potential economic and social benefits of environmental fiscal reform, to support the input in the European Semester process on environmental protection and resource efficiency”. The specification elaborates on this as follows: “The task includes presenting data on the potential of revenues from environmental taxation and other indirect benefits such as job creation resulting from EFR in 14 selected countries, using the methodology the EEA has developed and which was also applied to the study published on 03.03.14 for 12 Member States”. The following 14 Member States were included in this study: Bulgaria, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece, Latvia, Malta, Netherlands, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Ireland, United Kingdom.
This report develops an analytical framework that assesses the macroeconomic, environmental and distributional consequences of energy subsidy reforms. The framework is applied to the case of Indonesia to study the consequences in this country of a gradual phase out of all energy consumption subsidies between 2012 and 2020. The energy subsidy estimates used as inputs to this modelling analysis are those calculated by the International Energy Agency, using a synthetic indicator known as "price gaps". The analysis relies on simulations made with an extended version of the OECD’s ENV-Linkages model. The phase out of energy consumption subsidies was simulated under three stylised redistribution schemes: direct payment on a per household basis, support to labour incomes, and subsidies on food products.
This Synthesis Report is based on an 18-month project, Greening China’s Financial System, carried out by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) and the Finance Research Institute (FRI), Development Research Center (DRC) of the State Council, in association with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Inquiry into the Design of a Sustainable Financial System, and with support from the Fridtjof Nansen Institute. The aim is to develop specific proposals for greening China’s financial system, based on an analysis of current practice in China and an exchange of experience with international experts.